Learning objectives
The students have to acquire in-depth knowledge on the main aspects of etiology pathogenesis of diseases, particularly focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tissue and cell damage and adaptation and cell death; the students have to know the cellular and molecular , mechanism which regulate the inflammatory and innate responses and tissue renewal and repair. The have to learn etiology, pathogenesis and physiopathology of the neoplastic diseases.
The students have to acquire on physiopathological at mean organs and apparatus. Concepts and mechanisms of immune-mediated pathologies in animals were also treated.
Prerequisites
Propedeutics to: Pathological Anatomy – Internal Medicine – Pathologoicaol Surgery and Radiology – Infectious Diseases – Ostetrics.
Propedeutics done: Microbiology and Iiia e Immunologia - Epidemiologia, Fisiologia II - Endocrinologia
Course unit content
The etiology and pathogenesis of diseases, Pathogenetic aspects of tissue and cell damage and adaptation and cell death. Acute and chronic inflammation. Tissue renewal and repair. Etiology, pathogenesis and physiopathology of the neoplastic diseases. Physiopathology of the main organs and apparatus. Immune-mediated pathologies in animals.
Full programme
GENERAL PATHOLOGY.
Homeostasis, health and disease : basic concepts of causes and pathogenesis of the diseases
Etiology: causes of pathology:
1) Infectious agents (the main mechanisms of injury by virus e bacteria); - 2) Chemical agents (the main mechanisms of chemical injury; 3) Physical agents (radiation injury, thermal injuries, mechanical forces); 4) Nutritional deficiencies.
Tissue and systemic adaptive response:
hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia;
Reversible and irreversible cell injury:the models of cell damage by hypoxia and free radicals.
The cell death
- Necrosis: biochemical and morphologic aspects, types of necrosis;
- Apoptosis: causes (physiologic and pathologic apoptosis), morphologic and biochemical features and mechanisms.
Acute and chronic
INFLAMMATION:
- General features: etiology, classification and development; Vascular and cellular events of acute inflammation; Inflammatory cells; chemical mediators of inflammation Outcomes of acute inflammation; Cellular events and regulation;
- Primary chronic inflammation and granulomatous inflammation (causes and pathogenetic mechanisms);
- Acute Phase Reactions.
- The fever
Tissue RENEWAL and REPAIR: regeneration; repair by healing; bone fracture repair and cutaneous wound healing; factors influencing wound healing.
ONCOLOGY.
Neoplasia:
- Definition, general features and nomenclature;
Molecular basis of cancer: oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis genes;
Biology of the neoplastic cell ( transformation and progression, heterogeneity);
- Etiology and epidemiology: chemical, radiation and microbial carcinogenesis; Differential aspects between benign and malignant neoplasms and classification;
- Invasion and metastasis; immune response against neoplastic cells; paraneoplastic syndromes; diagnostic and prognostic markers of malignant neoplasms.
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY.
Hypersensitivity: etiology, pathogenesis and examples of immune-mediated diseases ( Type I, Type II, Type III and Type IV hypersensitivity).
Autoimmunity : mechanisms of immunologic tolerance, general concepts and pathogenetic mechanisms, mechanisms of immune-mediated damage, examples of autoimmune diseases.
Immunosuppression: hereditary and acquired immunodeficiency
Nutrition and immunity
PHYSIOPATHOLOGY.
Physiopathology of the infection: damage by virus and bacteria, endotoxic and septic shock, the innate and adaptive immune response to virus and bacteria
Physioapthology of the stress response:
- the stressors agents in animals;
- the parameters to evaluate the stress response and welfare in field.
Physiopathology of bone and joints:
- Calcium/phosphorus imbalances;
- Metabolic bone diseases (rickets, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, fibrous osteodistrophy Calcium/Phosphorus balance’s disorders.
- Degenerative and dyschondroplastic joint diseases in animals
Physiopathology of kidney: acute and chronic failure, nephrotic and uremic syndromes
Physiopathology of blood: leukocytosis, leukopenia, anaemia, polycvthemia, hemorrhagic disorders.
Physiopathology of water and acido-base imbalances: dehydration, acidosis and alkalosis.
Hemodynamic disorders. edema, hyperaemia, haemostasis and thrombosis, embolism, infarction, shock.
Physiopathology of liver: jaundice, steatosis, liver failure
Lung and cardiac physiopathology: the respiratory failure, edema, emphysema, the hearth failure.
PRACTICAL ACTIVITY.
1) Laboratory of histopathology: observation of microscopic features of cellular degenerations: (cloudy swelling, hydropic and vacuolar degeneration, steatosis, intracellular protein accumulation disorders) and extracellular degenerations (amyloidosis, ialinosis, sclerosis), of the different types of acute and chronic inflammation, of tissue features of neoplasia.
2) Laboratory of immunopathology: application of parameters and techniques to evaluate the efficiency of immune response.
3) Practicals on joint physiopathology: observations og gross lesion of osteorthritis and osteochondrosis with the evaluation of the severity of lesions and applicative concepts propedeutics for orthopedic clincs.
4) Practicals on blood physiopathology: preparation of blood samples for citology and observation and evaluation of features of anemias.
Bibliography
PREPARATORY BOOKS FOR EXAMINATION:
1) V Kumar, A. Abbas, N. Fausto: “Robbins e Cotran: Le basi patologiche delle malattie. Patologia Generale” (2006), Elsevier Italia, Srl, Milano.
2) McGavin M.D., Zachary J.F. Patologia generale veterinaria. (2008). Elsevier Masson, Milano.
3) G.M. Pontieri, M.A. Russo, L. Frati . Patologia Generale vol. I e II (2005) Piccin, Padova. Piccin, Padova.
4) M.U. Dianzani- I. Dianzani- U. Dianzani Istituzioni di patologia generale IV ed. (2004) UTET, Torino
REFERENCE BOOKS
1) Tizard I.R. Veterinary Immunology. Saunders (USA).
2) Dunlop R.H. Malbert C.H. Veterinary Pathophysiology. (2004) Blackwell Publishing, Ames, USA. 3) Marcato P.S. Patologia Sistematica Veterinaria (2002). Edagricole, Bologna.
4) G.B. Pier, J.B. Lyczak, L.M. Wetzler. Immunologia, infezione, immunità (2006). Piccin, Padova.
5) Marcato P.S. Anatomia e istologia patologica generale veterinaria. (2000) Eusculapio, Bologna
LESSONS AVAILABLE ON LINE
Teaching methods
Classroom lectures (72 hours) and practicals (20 hours)
Assessment methods and criteria
The student may choice between:
1) Written examination
15 multichoice questions with a open explanations and a brief oral question for
final evaluation
2) Oral examination: 3 questions on theoretical contents
1 question on practicals contents
Oral and written examinations consist in questions on both theoretical and practical contents of the Integrated Course.
A mid-term (“in itinere”) written examination can be performed on the contents of general pathology, oncology and immune-pathology before the end of the lessons and the first official exam’s session.
Then, the students must complete the examination on the contents of physiopathology at the official session within the examination’s session of September.
Self-evaluation tests simulating a written examination will be carried around the end of the course.
Other information
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