Learning objectives
The course is aimed to provide basic elements on etiological and pathogenetic mechanisms of conditions of interest for the physiotherapist, as well as on the relevant pharmacological treatments.
For microbiology, the objective of the course is the knowledge of the main characteristics of
microorganisms and viruses, of their role in natural systems and in relation to the
host, as well as of their pathogenic role. At the end of the course the students
should have acquired the basic concepts of Bacteriology and Virology. Moreover, the student will acquire basic knowledge on tissue injury and response to injury (inflammation, hemostasis, tissue repair) as well as of introductive information on tumor biology. For pharmacology, the student will comprehend the basic principles of general pharmacology and the main features of the drugs of the neuromuscular system, as well as of the drugs used for the therapy of osteoarticular diseases.
Prerequisites
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Course unit content
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Cell injury and cell death.
Inflammation: types and classification, events and mechanisms, cells, mediators, systemic effects.
Hemostasis: phases, defects and excesses, thrombosis, embolia, infarction.
Tissue repair: mechanisms and defects.
Basic elements of oncology.
BACTERIOLOGY
The prokaryotic cell: general organization, morphology and physiology. Reproduction and cultivation of microorganisms. The microorganism/host relationship: commensalism, symbiosis, parasitism. Microbial
flora. Pathogenicity and virulence. Transmission of pathogens.
VIROLOGY
General characteristics of viruses. Structural and chemical composition of virions.
Phases of the viral replication process. Cultivation of viruses.
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
Introduction to Pharmacology: definitions and scope, drugs.
Basic pharmacodynamics: sites and mechamnisms of action, agonists and antagonists, partial agonists, the dose-effect relationship. Basic pharmacokynetics:
how drugs reach their site of action, routes of administration, membrane permeability of drugs, drug adsorption, drug permeability across the BBB and the PB. Drug-protein binding and drug biodistribution.
Effect termination. Drug biotransformation:polimorphism of drug metabolyzing enzymes, gene induction and enzyme inhibition in drug biotransformation.Drug excretion: renal and extrarenal, hepatic, pulmonary, other routes. Pharmacokinetic parameters: bioavailability, apparent distribution volume, plasma drug half-life, clearance.
Effect modifying effects: drug interactions, the importance of patient conditions. Tolerance and resistance. Drug toxicity: collateral and unwanted events.
SPECIAL PHARMACOLOGY.
Neuromuscular drugs: depolarizing and competitive blocking agents, botulinum, central (GABAergic) and preripheral myorelaxing agents.
Drugs for myasthenia gravis: anticolinesterase drugs, steroids, immunosuppressant drugs.
Anti-Parkinson agents.
Analgesic drugs: opiates and non-opiate analgesic; local anesthetics.
Antiinflammatory drugs: FANS, non selettivi delle COX; non selective, OX-2 preferential and COX2-selective FANS, steroids (glucocorticoids), antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), antigout drugs (colchicine, alopurinol, uricosuric agents).
Basic information on drugs for CNS traumatic injuries.
Drugs for Arthosis: condroprotective drugs.
Full programme
PATHOLOGY: Cell injury and death: reversible and irreversible injury, intrinsic and extrinsic causes of cell injury, adaptations, types of cell death.
Basic oncology: classification and nomenclature, epidemiological features, benign and malignant tumors, invasivity and metastasis, host-tumor relationships, grading and staging.
Tissue responses to cell injury:
- Inflammation: classification, events and mechanisms, acute and chronic inflammation, cells, mediators, systemic events, inflammatory lesions, derangements on inflammation.
- Hemostasis: phases, defects, thrombosis, embolia, atherosclerosis, infarction.
- Tissue repair. Mechanisms of repair and their alterations.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY.
General bacteriology:
The prokaryotic cell: general organization, morphology and physiology. Reproduction of microorganisms. The microorganism/host relationship: commensalism, symbiosis, parasitism. Microbial flora. Pathogenicity and virulence.
General virology:
General characteristics of viruses, Structural and chemical composition of virions,
Phases of the viral replication process.
Transmission of pathogens. Diagnosis of infectious disease.
Basic information on infections of skin, CNS, osteoarticular system.
PHARMACOLOGY
General pharmacology.
What is pharmacology. Drugs.
Basic pharmacodynamics: sites and mechanisms of action, agonists and antagonists, partial agonists, the dose-effect relationship. Basic pharmacokinetics:
how drugs reach their site of action, routes of administration, drug adsorption. Drug-protein binding and drug biodistribution.
Drug biotransformation.Drug excretion. Pharmacokinetic parameters: bioavailability, apparent distribution volume, plasma drug half-life, clearance. Conditions modifying drug effects: drug interactions, the importance of patient conditions. Tolerance and resistance. Drug toxicity: collateral and unwanted events.
Special pharmacology:
Neuromuscular drugs: depolarizing and competitive blocking agents, botulinum, central (GABAergic) and preripheral myorelaxing agents.
Drugs for myasthenia gravis: anticholinesterase drugs, steroids, immunosuppressant drugs.
Anti-Parkinson agents.
Analgesic drugs: opiates and non-opiate analgesics; local anesthetics.
Antiinflammatory drugs: NSAIDs, non-selective COX inhibitors; COX-2 preferential and COX2-selective NSAIDs; steroids (glucocorticoids). Antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), antigout drugs (colchicine, allopurinol, uricosuric agents).
Drugs for Arthrosis: condroprotective drugs.
Bibliography
GENERAL PATHOLOGY: Woolf “Patologia Generale. Meccanismi della malattia” Idelson-Gnocchi or Spector and Axford "Introduzione alla Patologia Generale" Casa Editrice Ambrosiana
MICROBIOLOGY: Bendinelli M., Chezzi C., Fumarola D., Pitzurra M. “Microbiologia Medica” Monduzzi Editore
PHARMACOLOGY: Dale, Haylett "Elementi di farmacologia; Compendio per l'esame. Ed. Mediche Scientifiche Internazionali EMSI; Rang, Dale, Ritter, Flower "Farmacologia" 6th edition 2008, Edizioni Elsevier; Mycek " "Le basi della farmacologia" 3rd Italian Edition 2007, Zanichelli Editore
Teaching methods
Interactive oral lessons
Assessment methods and criteria
Oral exam
Other information
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