Learning objectives
To have a general view of the main concepts of descriptive and inferential statistics
Prerequisites
Calculus, linear algebra
Course unit content
Part one
Introduction
• Collecting data, review of available statistical sources
• the data matrix; Graphic representations.
Summary of a phenomenon
• Frequency distributions and double entry tables
• averages (analytical mean and other indexes of position)
• Absolute and relative variability indices, concentration
• the shape of a distributions.
Time series
• Simple mobile and fixed base index numbers
• Time series concatenation with different bases; The average annual rate of variation
• compound price index numbers and deflated values at current prices
Relationships between two variables
• covariance and linear correlation coefficient
• the covariance matrix and correlation matrix
• linear regression: the ordinary least squares method; The interpretation of the parameters; model's goodness of fit;
• linear interpolation of time series
Part II
Introduction to probability and sampling
- Outlook of probability theories
- random variables: general aspects and applications
- theorems
- Sample distribution of statistical indexes
Estimating problems
- Average punctual estimate and relative frequency
- Estimate by average interval in case of large and small samples
- Estimate by relative frequency in case of large samples
Problems of hypothesis verification
- Introduction to statistical tests; Observed significance level (P-value)
- Tests in case of large and small samples - Tests on relative frequency in case of large samples
- Tests on two universes in the case of large samples
Univariate linear regression model
-Deriving the model of linear regression
- Estimation of model parameters and hypothesis testing
- Model checking. The meaning of ANOVA table.
Full programme
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Bibliography
M.A. Milioli, M. Riani S. Zani, Introduzione all’analisi dei dati statistici, (quarta edizione ampliata) Pitagora, Bologna, 2019.
http://www.riani.it/MRZ
Cerioli, M.A. Milioli, Introduzione all’inferenza statistica senza (troppo) sforzo, Uni.Nova, Parma, 2020..
A. Cerioli, M. A. Milioli, M. Riani, "Esercizi di statistica", uni.nova, Parma, 2016. http://www.riani.it/CMR
Teaching methods
Knowledge acquisition: frontal lessons
Acquisition of the ability of applying what has been studied: written tests
Acquisition of judgment: during the course students will be encouraged to detect strengths and weaknesses of the methods and of the basic statistic indices.
Acquisition of learning skills: for each topic we will start from the illustration of the problems which have to be solved and we will analyze critically the adopted solutions.
Acquisition of technical language. While teaching, the meaning of the terms commonly used in statistics will be described.
Assessment methods and criteria
The Assessment is via a written test, using the same questions for all the students. The exam has a maximum duration of 90 minutes. The test generally consists of 4 exercises. To each is given a score. The different exercises are in turn divided into subgroups. Two exercises generally concern the topic of descriptive statistics. The other two, on the other hand, refer to probability and inferential statistics. The questions deal with some important points of the theory and practice of statistics and are intended to assess the ability of understanding, independence of judgment and the ability to communicate with appropriate statistical language.
The broad articulation of the questions in the different topics should enable to assess both the learning capacity and the ability to apply the knowledge which has been studied.
The “cum laude” will be awarded to particularly deserving students that, besides having respected the necessary requirements to obtain the full valuation, in the execution of the assessment have demonstrated an appreciable systematic knowledge of the topic, an excellent capability of applying the knowledge acquired to the specific problem analysed, a considerable autonomy of judgement and a particular attention in the formal draft of the paper.
During the test the use of a calculator (strongly recommended CASIO fx-570ES PLUS, on which will be carried out some exercises in the classroom) and of the formulary, available on the Elly e-learning Platform, is allowed.
For the second year students, the possibility of supporting partial tests during the course and at the end of the course will be evaluated
The results of the test will be published on the ESSE3 Platform and students will be able to view the test results during the teacher's reception hours.
Other information
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2030 agenda goals for sustainable development
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