Learning objectives
Provide essential expertise for understand the mechanisms by which exercise plays a pivital role in promoting health and how it represents an instrument of great effectiveness in the prevention (primary and tertiary) and treatment of major chronic degenerative diseases. Contextualize the phenomenon of doping in terms of protecting the health of athletes.
Provide knowledge about cardiac diseases and the risk factors for these diseases. Causes of sudden death in athletes
Improve knowledge on the trend behavior of respiration and physiological adaptations over the year (from the young to the elderly). The knowledge of diseaes such as pneumothorax and High Altitude Pulmonary Edema - HAPE.
Prerequisites
Basic knowledge of biochemistry, anatomy and human physiology
Course unit content
Doping
Anatomical and functional effects induced by physical activity
Favorable and the negative effects of exercise in both healthy subjects and in major chronic degenerative diseases (cardiovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, cancer, aging).
Sport therapy: type, intensity, duration and frequency in the each clinical situations
Main contraindications to competitive sport.
General concepts on the principles of nutrition, hydration and integration in the sport and the effects of work in adverse environmental conditions.
Cardiovascular physiology
Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.
Arterial Hypertension.
Cardiovascular stratification for cardiovascular risk. Primary prevention with physical exercise.
Cardiac diseases: coronary artery disease, primary cardiomyopathies, hypertensive heart disease.
Cardiac adaptations to physical exercise: Athlete's heart
Sudden Death in athletes.
Diagnostic tests in cardiology: exercise stress test, echocardiography, cardiac MNR, computed tomography, cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography.
PNEUMOLOGY:
1 Components of the respiratory system, ventilatory pump, respiratory controller and gas exchanger;
Lung function tests: spirometry, lung volumes, lung diffusion capacity, blood gas analysis 3. Exercise Physiology: aerobic capacity, cardiovascular and ventilatory response to exercise 4. Physical activity, definition and measures 5.Measures of the exercise capacity: walking tests (6 min walk test and shuttle walk test) and cardiopulmonary exercise test. Knowledge of respiratory function and adjustments in the years: Young, adult and old man. The environment and air pollution (indoor and outdoor): respiratory allergies. pain, pneumothorax. adaptation to the environment: Chest pain, pneumothorax. Adaptations to the environment: High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE).
Full programme
Doping: history of doping, the list of prohibited substances, the national legislation and international law, penalties, control procedures, the quality standards of accredited laboratories, the expected effects and adverse effects in the short and long-term of the drugs used, the analytical techniques used in doping control, the variables that affect the reliability of the results. The phenomenon of doping and other related issues in the current socio-cultural context.
Favorable and the negative effects of exercise in both healthy subjects and in major chronic degenerative diseases (cardiovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, cancer, aging).
Anatomical and functional effects induced by physical activity.
Sport therapy: type, intensity, duration and frequency in the each clinical situations
Main contraindications to competitive sport.
General concepts on the principles of nutrition, hydration and integration in the sport and the effects of work in adverse environmental conditions.
Cardiovascular physiology. Hemodynamic parameters. The heart murmurs.
Heart diseases: ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathies, valvular heart disease.
Diagnostic tests in Cardiology (ECG, etc.).
Cardiovascular risk factors: smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes. Stratification of risk. European and Italian risk cards.
Arterial hypertension: classification of risk in hypertensive patient.
Primary Cardiovascular Prevention: Effects of Physical Exercise.
Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes
Cardiovascular Adaptation to physical Exercise: Physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
Sudden death in the athlete.
Arrhythmias: Brugada syndrome, ventricular pre-excitation, long QT.
Physiology and pathophysiology of respiratory system; the chest wall respiratory mechanics, respiratory muscles and the work of breathing; physical activity and aging. Pleural diseases: pneumothorax and high Altitude Pulmonary Edema - HAPE; asthma; COPD
Bibliography
1. Appunti forniti dal docente
2. A. Bonetti. Argomenti di Medicina dello sport. Editore MUP
3. P. Zeppilli, V. Palmieri. Manuale di Medicina dello Sport e Pronto Soccorso. Ed. CESI.
4. Protocolli cardiologici per il giudizio di idoneità allo sport agonistico. Ed. CESI
5. D.R. Mottram: Farmaci e Sport. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.
6. C. Macchi, R. Molino Lova, F. Cecchi. Attività motoria, fitness e salute nell'adulto e nell'anziano. NME e SEE Ed. Firenze 2007.
7. Lista WADA
8. J.B. West Fisiopatologia Polmonare. Mc Graw-Hill.
9. C. Macchi; R. Molino Lova; F. Cecchi.
Attività Motoria Fitness e Salute.
Teaching methods
The course will be held through lectures to Students either in the classroom (“in presenza”) or in synchronous-streaming (“in telepresenza”) on the Teams platform. Therefore, the opportunity of Student/Teacher interaction will be preserved both face to face and remotely, by the simultaneous use of the Teams platform.
Lectures will be supported by slide presentations, which will be available to students on the Elly platform (https://elly2020.medicina.unipr.it/).
Assessment methods and criteria
Oral examination.
In case of the persistence of the health emergency, the exams will be conducted remotely, as follows:
remote oral questions, through the Teams platform (guide http://selma.unipr.it/).
Students with SLD / BSE must first contact Le Eli-che: support for students with disabilities, D.S.A., B.E.S. (https://sea.unipr.it/it/servizi/le-eli-che-supporto-studenti-con-disabilita-dsa-bes)
Other information
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