Learning objectives
Course Objectives
Objective of the course is to provide the student with the ability to understand and apply the basic rules of information theory, and in particular:
- the physical meaning of the main information quantities, namely, entropy and mutual information and their inter-relationships
- the concept of typical sequences and their role in data compression
- the concept of channel capacity
The abilities in applying the above-mentioned knowledge are in particular in the:
- design and analysis of data compression codes
- calculation of the capacity of a given transmission channel
Prerequisites
Prerequisites
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Entry-level courses covering: Probability theory and stochastic processes; Fourier analysis in continuous and discrete time; Fourier analysis of linear time-invariant systems. A short guide to review background material can be found at:
http://www.tlc.unipr.it/bononi/didattica/TSD/background_material_info.txt.
Video lectures of the preparatory course held in September 2017 can be found at:
http://communication-eng.unipr.it/index.php/pre-course/.
To get prep-course userid and password, please send an email to the instructor.
Course unit content
Contents:
1.1 Definition of basic information theory quantities: entropy, mutual information
1.2 Basic theorems, relations and inequalities
1.3 Sufficient statistics
2.1 Asymptotic equipartition property (AEP) and typical set
2.2 Entropy rate
2.3 Discrete-time Markov chains (DTMC)
2.4 AEP theorem for stationary ergodic sources
3.1 Data Compression: definitions, examples,
3.2 Kraft inequality, Noiseless coding theorem
3.3 Huffman and Lempel-Ziv codes
4.1 Channel capacity: definitions, examples
4.2 Typical-sequence dcoding. Jointly typical set and its properties.
4.2 Proof Channel Coding Theorem
4.3 Joint source-channel coding theorem
5.1 Differential entropy: definition, examples
6.1 Mutual information for discrete X and continuous Y: examples
6.2 Capacity of additive Gaussian channel, Shannon Capacity formula
6.3 Parallel Gaussian channels
6.4 Capacity of discrete-time additive Gaussian channel with memory.
6.5 Capacity of continuous-time additive Gaussian channel with memory. Water pouring.
Full programme
Syllabus (every class = 2 hours)
CLASS 1:
Intro:
Course organization, objectives, textbooks, exam details. Sneaky preview of the course, motivations, applications. Assigned Reading of Ch.1 of textbook. Physical justification and definition of entropy. Examples of entropy calculation. Up to sec. 2.1.
CLASS 2:
Definition of joint and conditional entropy, eample 2.2.1. Relative entropy, mutual information and their relation. Chain rules for PMFs and entropy.
CLASS 3:
Relative conditional entropy, conditional mutual information, chain rules for D and I. Inequalities for D and I. max and min of H, H(X|Y)<=H(X) and generalizations. Convex functions. Jensen's inequality, examples.
CLASS 4:
first hour: logsum inequality, convexity of D, concavity of H. concavity of I in p(x) and convexity in p(y|x). Exercise: mixing increases entropy. second hour: Definition of Markov chain and first properties for 3 random variables (RV) X,Y,Z. Data processesng inequality. Counterexample.
CLASS 5:
first hour: sufficient statistics: definition in terms of mutual information. Examples: number of successes in repeated trials; sample mean in estimation of common mean in a vector of independent gaussian RVs. Sufficient statistics and hypothesis testing: factorization theorem. Second hour: Fano inequality. Exercise 2.32.
CLASS 6:
Exercises 2.5, 2.4, 2.27, 2.30 (after brief introduction to the method of Lagrange multipliers), 2.21.
CLASS 7:
Ch 3 asymptotic equipartition property (AEP): introduction. Probability theory refresher: i.p. convergence, Chebychev inequality, Weak law of large numbers, AEP. Typical set and properties. Example with binary sequences.
CLASS 8:
first hour: relation among Typical set and high-probability sets. Theorem 3.3.1. second hour: Problem solving: Exercises 3.8, 3.9. Ch 4: Entropy rates: introduction. Definition of discrete-time stochastic process and stationarity.
CLASS 9:
first hour: introduction to discrete-time Markov chains (DTMC): transition matrix, updatge law (Chapman-Kolmogorov), stationary distribution. Two-state example: state diagram, evolution towards limit distribution. Evaluation with flux balancing. second hour: Entropy rates H and H'. H=H' for stationary processes. Statement of AEP theorem for stationary ergodic sources (Shannon/Breiman/McMillan). Explicit evaluation of H for DTMC. Examples.
CLASS 10:
Doubly-stochastic matrices and uniform steady-state distribution. Connections with entropy as defined in statistical thermodynamics: DTMC on microstates with doubly-stochastic transition matrix. Entropy increases towards steady-state distribution entropy. Example 4 (eq 4.50-4.52). Hidden Markov models (HMM): entropy rate.
CLASS 11:
Problem solving: Ex. 4.1 mixing increases entropy. Conditions for observable Y in a HMM sian una DTMC. examples where Y is not a DTMC. Point a. of Ex. 4.18 on Entropy Rate of stationary but not ergodic process.
CLASS 12:
Problem solving: first hour: points b, c of Ex. 4.18. second hour: Es 4.10 entropy rate of a second order markov process: study of hidden markov chain. Ex. 4.6.
CLASS 13:
Ch 5: Data compression. Examples of codes. Kraft inequality. Search of optimal codes with Lagrange multipliers method. Noiseless coding theorem.
CLASS 14:
Comments on first Shannon Theorem: when p not dyadic. Quasi-optimal Shannon Codes. Shannon super-codes are asymptotically optimal. Extra cost on minimal code length when using a PMF that differs from true PMF. McMillan Theorem: every uniquely decodable theorem satisfies Kraft inequality. Introduction to Huffman codes: examples 1, 2.
CLASS 15:
Huffman codes: example 3 (dummy symbols), Exercise 5.32, example 5.73 (set of different optimal codelengths). Competitive optimality of Shannon code. Proof of optimality of Huffman code.
CLASS 16:
first hour: Optimal compression of Markov sources. Description of Lempel-Ziv algorithm for universal compression. second hour: Channel capacity: introduction, definition of discrete memoryless channel (DMC), examples of capacity computation: ideal channel, noisy channel with disjoint outputs, noisy typewriter.
CLASS 17:
Capacity of bynary symmetric channel (BSC), binary erasure channel (BEC). Symmetric, weakly-symmetric and Gallager-symmetric channels. Convexity of C on convex set of input PMFs. Hints to numerical techniques to evaluate max I.
CLASS 18:
Introduction to proof of II Shannon Theorem. Channel Coding, ideas on typical-sequence dcoding. Jointly typical set and its properties. Average and maximum error probability, achievable rate and operative channel capacity. Statement of II Shannon theorem.
CLASS 19:
first hour: proof of direct part of II Shannon theorem. second hour: proof of converse part of II Shannon theorem.
CLASS 20:
first hour: joint source-channel coding theorem. second hour: exercises on channel capacity: 7.8, 7.9 (Z channel) 7.3 (memory increases capacity) 7.12 (unused symbol). Ex 7.23 assigned as homework.
CLASS 21:
Differential entropy (Ch 9): definition, examples (uniform, Gaussian); AEP, properties of Typical set. 2^h=edge of Typical set. Joint and conditional diff. entropy. Ex: multivariate Gaussian. Relative Entropy and mutual information. Inequalities. Hadamard. Shift and change of scale. multivariate Gaussian maximizes entropy at given covariance matrix.
CLASS 22:
Mutual information for discrete X and continuous Y. Ex: Evaluation for PAM signal with equially likely symbols on discrete-time memoryless additive gaussian channel (DTMAGC). Capacity of DTMAGC. Sampling Theorem and Shannon Capacity formula. Gaussian additive noise is a worst case for capacity.
CLASS 23:
Parallel Gaussian channels: capacity. discrete time additive gaussian channels (DTAGC) with memory: capacity. Introduction to Toeplitz matrices and Toeplitz distribution theorem. DTAGC capacity evaluation (water-pouring).
CLASS 24:
continuous-time additive gaussian channel (CTAGC) with memory: capacity evaluation of CTAGC using equivalent input noise, Karhunen-Loeve basis and continuous-time Toeplitz distribution theorem. Examples.
Bibliography
Textbook:
[1] T. M. Cover, J. A. Thomas, "Elements of Information Theory". John Wiley and Sons, 1991.
Complementary Reading
[2] R. Blahut, "Principles and Practice of Information Theory". Addison-Wesley, 1988.
[3] J. Cioffi, "Ch. 8: Fundamental Limits of Coding and Sequences", http://www.stanford.edu/~cioffi
Teaching methods
Teaching Methods:
Classroom teaching, 42 hours. In-class problem solving, 6 hours.
Only if COVID emergency continues:
All Classes will be held ALSO online on Teams.
Assessment methods and criteria
Exams
Oral only, to be scheduled on an individual basis. When ready, please contact the instructor by email: alberto.bononi@unipr.it
by specifying the requested date. The exam consists of solving some proposed exercises and explaining theoretical details connected with them, for a total time of about 1 hour. You can have a summary of important formulas written in A SINGLE A4 sheet to consult if you so wish.
NOTE: The exam may be split into two distinct parts and scheduled on different days at the student's request: Part 1 Data Compression; Part 2 Channel Coding.
NOTE: even if you register on ESSE3 for an exam, please send email to:
alberto.bononi@unipr.it
to inform the instructor directly. The exam will take place online on Teams.
Only in case COVID emergency continues: The exam can also take place online on Teams.
ONLINE EXAM RULES
We will be in video-connection on microsoft Teams. Once we agree on a time/date, you will get an invitation: to connect click on the link at the botton of the invitation email on the day of the exam.
At the beginning, you are requested to show at 360 degrees the room where you are taking the exam. You must be alone in the room, with only paper and pen and your allowed A4 summary sheet.
How the exam will proceed depends on whether you have just pen and paper (and a cell phone), or if you have an electronic device where you can write on by hand (eg a tablet)
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CASE A) paper and pen:
I will provide you the text of the exam on my shared screen. You can copy that out on your paper sheet.
You are requested to look into the camera when you reply to me, or into your paper sheet when you write.
You are requested to tilt the camera of your PC such that the sheet of paper on which you write is clearly visible and readable by me.
This will allow me to follow your work and guide you towards the solution.
Sometimes you will be asked to take pictures of your work and send it by email/through the Teams chat. Please make sure to reduce the resolution of your camera, so that pictures are more compressed. Or please download the app
Adobe Scan to take compressed pictures, so that you can transmit them easily even on a low bandwidth connection.
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CASE B) you have a tablet and can write on it
in that case I will send you a link to an electronic whiteboard
(I use https://whiteboardfox.com/) which we will use as a shared paper sheet to work out your exam, exactly as we used to do in my office.
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IMPORTANT NOTICE: Getting help on the internet from others on solving your problem is considered as a delinquent behavior and may lead to your withdrawal from the exam and to possible further sanctions.
Other information
Further information:
1) Office Hours
Monday 15:00-17:00 (Scientific Complex, Building 2, floor 2, Room 2/19T).
You can also meet me on Teams after making appointment by email.
2) web site of course:
www.tlc.unipr.it/bononi/didattica/TI/TI.html
To get userid and password, please send an email to
alberto.bononi[AT]unipr.it
from your account nome@studenti.unipr.it.
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