Learning objectives
learning of the basis knowledge of binocular vision and correct utilization of diagnostic tests
Course unit content
General concepts about ocular imbalance.
Heterophoria: physiopathology. Esophoria and exophoria
Intermittent strabismus and heterophoria
Physiopathology of heterotropia. General concepts about esotropia, exotropia, vertical strabismus and alphabetic syndromes.
Strabismic and/or anisometropic amblyopia: diagnosis, measurement, treatment (patching, penalization), and follow-up.
Nystagmus: physiologic, congenital, acquired.
Oculomotor palsy: congenital, acquired, secondary.
The diplopia, the confusion, and the past-pointing. Study of extraocular muscles, and cranial nerves function.
Examination of ocular motility: cover test, corneal reflexes, pseudo-strabismus.
Incomitant deviation: measurement and diagnosis (cover test, Hess-Lancaster Test, Bielschowski test, examination of diplopia).
The anomalous head position: congenital and acquired.
Examination of binocular vision: suppression in the binocular visual field, retinal rivalry, normal ad anomalous retinal correspondence, stereopsis.
Examination of fixation.
Bibliography
Burian, Hermann M.; Von Noorden, Gunter K.
Binocular vision and ocular motility : theory and management of strabismus / Hermann M. Burian, Gunter K. Von Noorden
Saint Louis [etc.] : Mosby, 1974
RiccardoFrosini.
Diagnosi e terapia dello strabismo e delle anomalie oculomotorie. SEE Editrice Firenze, 1998