Learning objectives
Students will be enabled to recognize and to manage the endocrine, metabolic, gastroenterological, and hepatic disorders
Prerequisites
As required by the School of Medicine & Surgery
Course unit content
Etiological, epidemiological, pathophysiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and clinical features of endocrine, metabolic gastroenterologic and hepatic disorders
Full programme
It is requested the knowledge of relevant anatomy, physiology, molecular hormone action, lab investigations, imaging, principles of diagnosis, prognosis, management and therapy, of all below mentioned glands/disorders, and all gastroenterological and hepatic diseases.
1. Hypothalamus/Pituitary Gland
a. Hypothalamus
b. Hypopituitarism
c. GH deficiency
d. Pituitary tumors
e. Hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas
f. Cushing’s disease
g. Pituitary incidentalomas
h. Chraniopharingiomas
i. Lymphocytic hypophisitis
j. Diabetes insipidus
k. Hyponatremia
l. SIADH
m. Eating disorders
n. Pineal gland
2. Thyroid
a. Screening for thyroid disease
b. Thyrotoxicosis and Hyperthyroidism
c. Goitre
d. Solitary adenomas
e. Thyroiditis
f. Hypothyroidism
g. Thyroid cancer
3. Adrenal Gland
a. Mineralocorticoid excess and Hyperaldosteronism
b. Cushing’s syndrome
c. Liddle’s syndrome
d. Bartter’s syndrome
e. Gitelman’s syndrome
f. Mineralocorticoid deficiency
g. Adrenal’s insufficiency and Addison’s disease
h. Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (APS)
i. Adrenal tumors
j. Adrenal incidentalomas
k. Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas
4. Reproductive Endocrinology
a. Hirsutism
b. Policystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
c. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in adults
d. Menstrual function disorders
e. Amenorrhea
f. Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI)
g. Turner syndrome in adulthood
h. Menopause
i. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
j. Hormonal contraception
k. Male hypogonadism
l. Androgen replacement therapy
m. Gynecomastia
n. Testicular tumors
o. Erectile dysfunction
p. Infertility
q. Gender incongruence and dysphoria in adults
5. Calcium and Bone Metabolism
a. Hypercalcemia
b. Primary hyperparathyroidism
c. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
d. Hypocalcemia
e. Vitamin D deficiency
f. Hypophosphatemia
g. Hypomagnesemia
h. Osteoporosis
i. Paget’s disease
6. Neuroendocrine Disorders
a. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)
b. Carcinoid syndrome
c. Insulinomas and hypoglycemia
d. Gastrinomas
e. pNETs
f. Multiple endocrine neoplasias (MENs)
7. Diabetes Mellitus
a. Classification and diagnosis
b. Subdiabetic hyperglycemia (Prediabetes)
c. Type 1 Diabetes
d. Type 2 Diabetes
e. Gestational diabetes
f. Living with diabetes
g. Diabetic ketoacidosis
h. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
i. Diabetic eye disease
j. Diabetic kidney disease
k. Diabetic neuropathy
l. Diabetic foot
m. Macrovascular disease
8. Lipids and Hyperlipidemia
a. Lipids and cardiovascular disease
b. Primary hyperlipidemias
c. Secondary hyperlipidemias
9. Obesity
a. Definition and epidemiology
b. Etiology and pathophysiology
c. Consequences
d. Management of people with obesity
10. Hyperuricemia and Gout
11. ESOPHAGUS: Gastroesophageal reflux disease and predisposing conditions; Barrett's esophagus; Benign and malignant esophageal tumors. Achalasia.
12. STOMACH: gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and complications, premalignant conditions, benign and malignant tumors; GIST.
13. PANCREAS: Acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic tumors (exocrine pancreas, cystic tumors)
14. BILIARY TRACT: lithiasis of the gallbladder and biliary tract, acute cholecystitis, acute cholangitis, immune-mediated disorders (primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis), benign and malignant tumors.
15. LIVER: Fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, portal hypertension and its complications, ascites, Benign and malignant tumors (primary and secondary).
16. Celiac disease, malabsorption, acute and chronic diarrhea; functional gastroenterological disorders.
17. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis. Physiopathology, clinical presentation, therapy, complications.
18. Acute abdomen, abdominal traumas. Mechanic and paralytic ileus; peritonitis; intestinal ischemia.
19. COLON AND RECTUM: diverticular disease and complications; premalignant conditions (polyps and polyposes), malignant tumors (colorectal cancer screening, clinical setting, therapy).
20. ANUS AND PERINEUM: hemorroidal disease, anal fissures, anal fistulas and abscesses; tumors.
21. ENDOSCOPIC EMERGENCIES: gastrointestinal bleeding (upper and lower), endoscopic hemostasis techniques; caustic and foreign bodies ingestion: clinical setting and endoscopic treatment.
22. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders: pathogenesis, clinical presentation and therapy.
Bibliography
1. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine - last edition
2. Kumar & Clark's Clinical Medicine - last edition
Teaching methods
The course may be held through lectures to Students either in the classroom (“in presenza”) or in synchronous-streaming (“in telepresenza”) on the Teams platform. Therefore, the opportunity of Student/Teacher interaction will be preserved both face to face and remotely, by the simultaneous use of the Teams platform.
Lectures will be supported by slide presentations, some of which will be available to students on the Elly platform (https://elly.medicina.unipr.it).
Assessment methods and criteria
Oral examination or multiple choice question test.
Range of assessment values: 1-30 (30 best)
In case of health emergency (or similar situations), the exams will be conducted remotely, as follows:
remote oral questions, through the Teams platform (guide http://selma.unipr.it/).
Students with SLD / BSE must first contact Le Eli-che: support for students with disabilities, D.S.A., B.E.S. (https://sea.unipr.it/it/servizi/le-eli-che-supporto-studenti-con-disabilita-dsa-bes)
Alternatively, multiple choice questionnaires may be used via Teams and Elly.
2030 agenda goals for sustainable development
Tools and interventions compatible with the principle of equity and with preemptive medicine.
