Learning objectives
Learning of the basis knowledge of binocular vision and correct utilization of diagnostic tests.
Course unit content
General concepts about ocular imbalance.
Heterophoria: physiopathology. Esophoria and exophoria
Intermittent strabismus and heterophoria
Physiopathology of heterotropia. General concepts about esotropia, exotropia, vertical strabismus and alphabetic syndromes.
Strabismic and/or anisometropic amblyopia: diagnosis, measurement, treatment (patching, penalization), and follow-up.
Nystagmus: physiologic, congenital, acquired.
Oculomotor palsy: congenital, acquired, secondary.
The diplopia, the confusion, and the past-pointing. Study of extraocular muscles, and cranial nerves function.
Examination of ocular motility: cover test, corneal reflexes, pseudo-strabismus.
Incomitant deviation: measurement and diagnosis (cover test, Hess-Lancaster Test, Bielschowski test, examination of diplopia).
The anomalous head position: congenital and acquired.
Examination of binocular vision: suppression in the binocular visual field, retinal rivalry, normal ad anomalous retinal correspondence, stereopsis.
Examination of fixation.
Bibliography
Burian, Hermann M.; Von Noorden, Gunter K.
Binocular vision and ocular motility : theory and management of strabismus / Hermann M. Burian, Gunter K. Von Noorden
Saint Louis [etc.] : Mosby, 1974
RiccardoFrosini.
Diagnosi e terapia dello strabismo e delle anomalie oculomotorie. SEE Editrice Firenze, 1998
Teaching methods
The topics included in the program of the module will be illustrated and commented during lectures, supplemented, as the case may be, by parts of active teaching which provide individual and group exercises and practical activities.
Assessment methods and criteria
The achievement of the objectives will be established during oral examination. Through questions on the topics covered in the course will assess the knowledge and understanding of the content by the student.
