Learning objectives
<br />Pathological Anatomy represents the core of the diagnostic-therapeutic path. The correct anatomo-pathological interpretation enables the development of increasingly varied protocols departing from “standard protocols”, depending on the morphological and bio-molecular characteristics of a disease in a specific patient. The course is therefore divided into three phases, so that students become progressively acquainted with the basic concepts of pathological anatomy, the impact of systemic diseases on specific issues of the study course and, finally, with odontostomatological diseases having possible effects on the body and on the person . <br />In addition, the course aims at providing some general epicritical study models to be used daily and to help students understand the importance of cooperation between the various professional profiles
Course unit content
<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />According to the guide lines of the Board of Professors of Pathological Anatomy of the Degree Course in Dentistry and Dental Prostheses and in compliance with the guide lines of the European Community as expressed in the Brussels Protocol: ''Competences Required for the Practice of Dentistry in European Union (June 1996) the contents of the course will be structured as follows:<br />General Histopathology<br />1) The Pathological Anatomy Laboratory. Elements of histopathological tecniques. The histopathological examination The cytological examination. The main aims of the diagnostic examination. Epicrisis. The intraoperative histopathological examination. The cooperation between the clinical surgeon and the anatomic pathologist in the construction of diagnosis and prognosis.<br />2) Anatomo-pathological pictures of tissue and organ damage in rejections reactions, in autoimmune diseases, in acute and chronic inflammatory processes and in the main granulomatous processes<br />3) Cell regeneration and growth: Injury healing<br />4) Hemodynamic alterations : a) Edema, Hyperaemia, Congestion, Hemorrhage; b) Embolism, Thrombosis, Disseminated Intravasal Coagulation (CID); c) Infarctions: morphological pictures and evolution; d) Shock: types, pathogenetic mechanisms, evolution<br />5) Tumours :a) The biology of tumour growth, angiogenesis, progression, local diffusion, metastasis; b) Diagnostic cytohistopathology : histotype, grading, stadiation, prognostic factors. c) Classification of benign and malignant tumours<br />II) Systematic pathology<br />1) Cardiocirculatory system: Arteriosclerosis, Arteritis, Aneurysms; Varices, Phlebothrombosis, Thrombophlebitis; b) Cardiac diseases : Angina pectoris, Chronic ischemic cardiopathy, Infarction of the myocardium, Sudden death, c) Valvular cardiopathy: rheumatic fever and rheumatic endocarditis, bacterial endocarditis. d) Myocarditis, specific cardiomyopathies, idiopathic cardiomyopathies. e) Pericarditis.<br />2) Hemolymphopoietic system: Plasma cell dyscrasias (multiple myeloma, solitary myeloma, gammopathies); b) Lymphoadenitis c) Lymphomas.<br />3) Respiratory apparatus: Bronchitis, Bronchiectasis, Emphysema, Pulmonary fibrosis b) Pneumonia, Bronchopneumonia, Pleuritis and Pleural Effusions; c) Thromboembolism and Pulmonary Infarction; d) Bronchial Asthma; e) Pleuropulmonary and lanryngeal neoplasias<br />4) Urogenital system: Glomerulonephritis, Pyelonephritis, Hydronephrosis, Nephrolithiasis; b) Benign and malignant nephrosclerosis; c) Renal, pyeloureteral and bladder neoplasms d) Prostate hypertrophy, Carcinoma <br />5) Gastroenteric system, Liver and Biliary tract, Pancreas: Esophagus: Hiatal hernia, Varices, Esophagitis, Carcinoma; Stomach : Gastritis, Peptic ulcer, Neoplasias; Intestine : Infarction, Ulcerous colitis, Crohn’s disease, Diverticular disease, Celiac disease and Malabsorption Syndromes, Polyps and Adenomas, Colorectal carcinoma; Liver : Viral Hepatitis, Alcoholic hepatopathy, Cirrhosis, Hepatocarcinoma, Cholangiocarcinoma; Biliary Tract : Icterus, Cholangitis, Cholecystitis, Litiasis. Pancreas ; Acute and chronic pancreatitis, Diabetes Mellitus.<br />6) Endocrine System: Hypophysis : Hyperpituitarism, Hypopituitarism; Thyroid: Thyroiditis, Goiter,Graves disease, Carcinomas; Parathyroids: Primary, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism; Adrenal Gland : ! Cushing’s syndrome, Hyperaldosteronismus, Addision’s disease, Neoplasias<br />7) Locomotor system: Bones: Paget’s disease, Fibrous dysplasia, Recklinghausen's disease; Osteomyelitis; Joints and Tendons : arthrosynovitis, Rheumatoid arthitis<br />8) Nervous system: Meningitis, Cerebral abscesses, Encephalitis; b) Infarction, Apoplectic hemorrhage, Aneuryisms; c) Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis<br />9) Skin: Nevi and melanomas; Precancerosis, Basaloma and Spinocellular carcinoma <br />III) Odontostomatological Systematic Pathology<br />Oral cavity<br />1) Abnormalities of development and hereditary keratosis: Fordyce’s spots, lymphoepithelial cysts, hemifacial hypertrophy, congenital epulis, leukoedema, white sponge nevus, congenital pachyonychia, Tylosis, Hereditary and congenital benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis.<br />2) Stomatitis : general characteristics and classification, topographic, etiological and pathogenetical varieties and morphological pictures<br />3) Oral localization of dermatological diseases : Lichen planus, Lupus erythematosus<br />4) Ulcerations and vesiculobullous diseases : Classification, traumatic ulcers, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, Pemphigus, Hailey-Hailey Disease, Pemphigoid, Herpetiform dermatitis, Epydermolisis bullosa <br />5) Hyperplasia of connective tissue : Epulises, Giant cell reparative granuloma, Pyogenic granuloma, Irritative hyperplasia caused by a prosthesis<br />6) Soft tissue cysts<br />7) Keratosis, Precancerous conditions and lesions Intraepithelial neoplasia of the oral cavity: leukoplakia, epithelial dysplasia, erythroplasia<br />8) Tumour-like lesions, benign and malignant neoplasias of the oral cavity. Papillary hyperplasia of the palate, Focal epithelial hyperplasia, Condyloma, Oral papilloma, papillomatosis, Melanocytic nevi, Squamocellular carcinoma: Onset sites, grading, stadiation, prognostic factors, Adenocarcinoma, Adenosquamous carcinoma, Malignant melanoma, Benign and malignant neoplasias of the connective tissue.<br />Teeth - jaw temporomandibular joint<br />1) Alterations of the development of the teeth : teeth number, teeth size, teeth structure<br />2) Other alterations of the teeth : dental eruption and fallout, loss of dental substance not due to bacterial causes, colour alteration, transplantation and reimplantaion, root fracture, age-related alterations<br />3) Caries : etiopathogenesis, lesions topography, immunological aspects, complications<br />4) Dental pulp diseases : Pulpitis, healing, calcification, necrosis, age-related pulp alterations.<br />5) Periapical periodontitis : Acute and chronic, Periapical abscess and complications<br />6) Diseases of the periodontium: Gingivitis and chronic periodontitis, pericoronitis, gingival hypertrophy, desquamative gingivitis, lateral periodontal abscess, age-related periodontal alterations<br />7) Congenital and malformation diseases of the jaw<br />8) Inflammatory, endocrine and metabolic bone diseases <br />21) Bone healing<br />9) Maxillary cysts : odontogenous and non-odontogenous, non-epithelialized primary bone cysts. <br />10) Pseudotumoral lesions and maxillary tumours : Central giant cell granuloma, palatal torus, mandibular torus, exostosis, Benign and malignant bone neoplasias, Langerhans cell hystiocytosis, Metastatic tumours<br />11) Odontomas and Odontogenous tumours<br />.<br />Diseases of the temporomandibular joint<br /> .<br />Nose, rhinopharynx, tonsils<br />1) Inflammations : rhinitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis<br />2) Preneoplastic lesions and benign and malignant neoplasias<br />Salivary glands<br />1) Xerostomia, sialorrhoea, Lithiasis, Cysts<br />2) Sialadenitis : etiology, anatomopathological types, complications<br />3) Lymphoepithelial lesions, Benign and malignant neoplasias<br />1) Xerostomia, sialorrhoea, Lithiasis, Cysts 2) Sialadenitis : etiology, anatomopathological types, complications 3) Lymphoepithelial lesions, Benign and malignant neoplasias
Bibliography
<br />Kumar V., Abbas A.K., Fausto N.<br />ROBBINS e COTTRAN LE BASI PATOLOGICHE DELLE MALATTIE 7th Ed. Elsevier, 2006<br /><br /><br /> <br />J.V. Soames, J.C. Southam: Patologia Orale, Terza Edizione, EMSI editore<br /> <br />Nevillle Woolf: Anatomia Patologica,EdiSES editore
