Learning objectives
The course is aimed to supply the necessary notions for the quali-qualitative analysis of organic compounds of pharmaceutical interest, based on European Pharmacopeia identification and limit tests, and on reference separation and spectroscopic analytical techniques.
Prerequisites
NO
Course unit content
Theory: Safety procedures in the pharmaceutical laboratory. Drug characters. Solubility and its expressions. Purification Methods. Experimental measurements of physico-chemical constants. Qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis. Functional groups analysis. Identification assays of sample compounds included in the European Pharmacopeia. Limit assays.
UV-Visible and Infrared spectroscopy: Instrumentation. Applications to pharmaceutical analysis, identification of reference functional groups. Mass Spectrometry: ion sources and Mass Analyzers . Mass Spectrometry applications to pharmaceutical analysis.
Chromatography. Instrumentation. Theory of chromatographic separations. Analytical method validation: linearity, accuracy, precision, repeatability and reproducibility, detection and quantitation limit. Calibration standards and quality controls. Reference guidelines. Impurity profiling.
Practise: Qualitative organic analysis following the procedures described in European Pharmacopeia identification assays (VII Edition). Quantitative analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients by UV-VIS spectroscopy. Experimental determination of physico-chemical properties (pKa)
Full programme
Safety and first aid procedures in the chemical and pharmaceutical laboratory. Symbols, risk and safety phrases. Hazard chemicals handling procedures.
Drug organoleptic characters: physical state, color, odour. Solubility and its expressions. Solvent classification: polarity, hydrogen-bonding, Van der Waals forces; structure-solubility relationship; ionisation state-solubility relationship.
Liquid state: boiling point determination, Raoult's law, liquid-gas diagrams. Solid state: Amorphous and crystalline solids, melting point, impurities influences on melting point. Crystallisation as purification method: state diagrams, eutectic mixtures. Polymorphism: enantiotropic and monotropic polimorphs.
Sample treatment. Solvent extraction: liquid-solid, liquid-liquid extraction, partition coefficient, single and multiple extractions. Variables influencing extraction yields. Applications to pharmaceutical preparations.
Physical constants determination. Refractive index: measurement, qualitative and quantitative analysis of liquids. Specific rotation index: measurement; polarimeter. Optical purity of chiral drugs. Density. Relative and Absolute density measurement.
Qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis: combustion; Na fusion; elemental analysers. Functional groups analysis. Crystalline derivatives preparation. Analytical profiles of classes of drugs . Identification assays of sample compounds included in the European Pharmacopeia. Limit assays.
Molecular absorption spectroscopy. UV-Visible. Instrumentation. Qualitative analysis: UV spectrum-chemical structure correlations. Identification of reference simple and conjugated chromophores: pH and solvent effects. Quantitative analysis: Lambert-Beer law; calibration curve. Infrared Spectroscopy: instrumentation, applications to pharmaceutical analysis, identification of reference functional groups.
Mass Spectrometry: ion sources (EI, CI, FAB, ESI, APCI, MALDI); Mass Analyzers (magnetic sector, quadrupole, ToF, 3D and linear ion trap); Detectors; GC and LC coupling. Mass Spectrometry applications to pharmaceutical analysis.
Chromatography. Classification: gas and liquid chromatography. Instrumentation. Theory of chromatographic separations: retention time, efficiency, selectivity, capacity factor, resolution. Van Deemter equation. Chromatography separation techniques: liquid/liquid partition; liquid/solid absorption: TLC, HPLC, GC. HPLC detectors: UV-Vis, Photodiode Array; Fluorescence, Mass spectrometer).
Analytical method validation: linearity, accuracy, precision, repeatability and reproducibility, detection and quantitation limit. Calibration standards and quality controls. Reference guidelines.
Bibliography
A. CARTA, M.G. MAMOLO: “Analisi Farmaceutica Qualitativa” – EdiSES, Napoli
V. CAVRINI, V. ANDRISANO: “Analisi Farmaceutica” – Esculapio, Bologna.
F.CHIMENTI: “Identificazione sistematica di composti organici” – Grasso, Bologna.
D.A. SKOOG, J.J.LEARY: “Chimica Analitica Strumentale” – EdiSES, Napoli.
F. SAVELLI, O. BRUNO: “Analisi Chimico Farmaceutica” – PICCIN, Padova
R.M. SILVERSTEIN, F.X. WEBSTER: "Identificazione spettroscopica di composti organici" - Ambrosiana Editrice, Milano.
A. VOGEL: “Chimica Organica Pratica” – Ambrosiana Editrice, Milano.
D. SICA, F. ZOLLO: "Chimica dei composti eterociclici farmacologicamente attivi" - PICCIN, Padova
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPEIA, 7th Edition.
Teaching methods
Theory lessons and individual practise training in laboratory
Assessment methods and criteria
The final exam will consist of a practical, a written and an oral exam. The laboratory notebook filled during the practical training will be taken into due consideration for final evaluation.
Other information
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