Learning objectives
The course gives the physical knowledges for using a large parte of the physical instruments used in chemical laboratories (e.g. spectrophotometers, ionizing particle detectors, vacuum gauges, electrical and electronic mesurements)
Course unit content
<br />
STATISTICS FOR MEASURE UNCERTAINTY: Observations. Best estimate. Meaningful digit and rounding. Discrepancy. Uncertainty propagation. Type A and B uncertainties. Average, standard deviation, variance. Standard deviation of the mean. Histograms and Gauss distribution. Confidence interval. Chauvenet’s rule for data rejection. Weighted average. Method of least squares. Covariance and correlation. Binomial, Gauss and Poisson’s distribution. Test for a distribution. Student t distribution.<br />
MEASURE UNIT SYSTEMS<br />
CALIBRATION<br />
OPTICS PRINCIPLES. Rays, electromagnetic waves and photons. Reflection. Refraction, refraction index and critical angle. Mirror: plane, concave and convex spherical, elliptical concave, parabolic concave. Diopters. Thin lenses. Transversal, angular and visual magnification. Beam condenser. KEPLERO, GALILEI and NEWTON telescope. Composite microscope. f number, vignetting. Field deepness. Aberrations and related corrections. HUYGENS principle. Optical path, interference and diffraction: YOUNG holes, slit, diaphragm, LLOYD mirror, thin film, thin wedge, NEWTON’s rings. Reflection phase shift. Lens resolution. Monochromators with prism, with grating, with blazed granting. MICHELSON interferometer and FOURIER transform. Polarization in reflection and in refraction: FRESNEL and BREWSTER laws. Dichroism, NICOL prism, elliptical and circular polarization, optical activity, BIOT law, rotatory dispersion. Light absorption. Light diffusion, RAYLEIGH law. Luminescence and STOKES laws.<br />
THERMAL RADIATION: PREVOST law, KIRCHHOFF law, WIEN laws, STEFAN-BOLTZMANN law, PLANK formula. <br />
Photoelectric effects. Thermocouple, SEEBECK effect, PELTIER effect. Semiconductor diode. Bolometer, pyro-electric detector, photo-resistor. Photodetectors.<br />
Radiometric quantities and units. Integration sphere. Spectro-radiometer.Transmittance, transmittance factor, optical density, reflectance and reflectance factor. Spectrophotometer<br />
PHOTOMETRY and COLORIMETRY and CIE standards.<br />
LASER and HOLOGRAPHY<br />
DOPPLER EFFECT <br />
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION<br />
RADIOACTIVITY: Nuclides, protons and neutrons, decays (alfa,beta+,beta-, gamma), K capture. Radioactive families. Nuclei stability, activation, fusion and fission. Temporal law of decay, mean life, half-time. X ray. Exposition, activity, absorbed dose, equivalent dose. GEIGER-MUELLER ionization counter.<br />
VACUUM: Preliminary and final vacuum pumps. MCLEOD, thermocouple gauge, Pirani, Penning, hot wire ionization gauge.<br />
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS: Potentiometer. current-voltage phase shift in a RC circuit. Spectro-photometric observations. Electric and electronic observations.<br />
Bibliography
<br />
J.R.Taylor, Introduzione all'analisi degli errori, Ed. Zanichelli<br />
M. Loreti, Teoria degli errori e fondamenti di statistica, Ed. Decibel Zanichelli<br />
M. Severi, Introduzione alla sperimentazione fisica, Ed. Zanichelli<br />
G. Cannelli, Metodologie sperimentali in fisica, Ed Edises<br />
M. R. Spiegel, Probabilità e statistica, collana Schaum, ETAS libri<br />
UNI-CEI 9, Guida all’espressione dell’incertezza di misura, Milano, Giugno 1997<br />
NIST, Essentials of expressing measurement uncertainty,<br />
http://physics.nist.gov/Uncertainty/basic.html)<br />
Resnick Halliday Krane, Fisica 2, 4a edizione, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana<br />
Elementi di Fisica Sanitaria, Ed CNEN, Roma 1971<br />
M. Nardelli 'Chimica Generale' Vol.2, capitolo 18<br />
Theacher's files
Teaching methods
A laboratory measurement is required to the student absent in the laboratory lessons.
