Learning objectives
learning of the basis knowledge of binocular vision and correct utilization of diagnostic tests
Course unit content
General concepts about ocular imbalance.
Heterophoria: physiopathology. Esophoria and exophoria
Intermittent strabismus and heterophoria
Physiopathology of heterotropia. General concepts about esotropia, exotropia, vertical strabismus and alphabetic syndromes.
Strabismic and/or anisometropic amblyopia: diagnosis, measurement, treatment (patching, penalization), and follow-up.
Nystagmus: physiologic, congenital, acquired.
Oculomotor palsy: congenital, acquired, secondary.
The diplopia, the confusion, and the past-pointing. Study of extraocular muscles, and cranial nerves function.
Examination of ocular motility: cover test, corneal reflexes, pseudo-strabismus.
Incomitant deviation: measurement and diagnosis (cover test, Hess-Lancaster Test, Bielschowski test, examination of diplopia).
The anomalous head position: congenital and acquired.
Examination of binocular vision: suppression in the binocular visual field, retinal rivalry, normal ad anomalous retinal correspondence, stereopsis.
Examination of fixation.
Bibliography
Burian, Hermann M.; Von Noorden, Gunter K.
Binocular vision and ocular motility : theory and management of strabismus / Hermann M. Burian, Gunter K. Von Noorden
Saint Louis [etc.] : Mosby, 1974
RiccardoFrosini.
Diagnosi e terapia dello strabismo e delle anomalie oculomotorie. SEE Editrice Firenze, 1998
Teaching methods
The topics contained in the Programmes of the Modules will be illustrated and discussed during classroom lectures. In specific cases, lectures will be integrated by active teaching through individual and group exercises and practical activities. Due to the emergency situation the lessons could also take place remotely (synchronously / asynchronously) using Microsoft Teams.
Assessment methods and criteria
The achievement of the objectives will be established during oral examination. Through questions on the topics covered in the course will assess the knowledge and understanding of the content by the student. Due to the emergency situation, the exam could only take place in the oral / remote form using the Microsoft Teams platform.
