Learning objectives
To know and understand the principles of ocular motitlity, the anatomical and physiological basis of binocular vision and stereopsis, and of the related diagnostic examinations.
To provide fundamental elements for autonomously executing and interpreting the relevant examinations.
Upon completion of this course the students will be able to complement their previous knowledge (mainly anatomy physiology pathology and psychology) with a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of ocular motility, stereopsis, refraction and visual acuity measurement.
Moreover, students will be able to use their knowledge to autonomously perform refraction and visual acuity determination.
Prerequisites
none
Course unit content
Prof. Giuseppe Nuzzi
THE EYE: ITS SURFACES, AXES, MOVEMENTS AROUND THE SAME. THE LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS: THE ORBIT, OCULOMOTOR MUSCLES, SUPPORT APPARATUS, SUPRANUCLEAR CENTRES OF OCULOMOTRICITY, OCULOMOTOR NERVES. THE ACTIONS OF THE OCULAR MUSCLES. AGONIST AND ANTAGONIST MUSCLES. THE LAWS OF OCULAR MOTILITY: SHERRINGTON’S LAW OF RECIPROCAL INNERVATION, HERING’S LAW OF EQUAL INNERVATION. OCULAR MOVEMENTS: DUCTIONS, VERSONS (VOLUNTARY, STATIC, STATIC-KINETIC, OPTICAL-KINETIC) VERGENCES. MONOCULAR (TONIC, ACCOMODATIVE, PROXIMAL) AND BINOCULAR (FUSIONAL) VERGENCES. DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OCULAR MOVEMENTS (SACCADIC MOVEMENTS, PURSUIT MOVEMENTS). OCULAR FIXATION. SUPRANUCLEAR CONTROL OF EXTRINSIC OCULAR MOTILITY. ANATOMICAL BASES OF BINOCULAR VISION: MONOCULAR AND BINOCULAR VISUAL FIELD. OPTICAL PATHWAYS AND CHIASMATIC DECUSSATION. VISUAL CORTEX. PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF BINOCULAR VISION: PHOTORECEPTOR LOCAL SIGN. OCULOCENTRIC (OR RELATIVE) AND ECOCENTRIC (OR ABSOLUTE) LOCALISATION . THE CONCEPT OF CORRESPONDING RETINAL POINTS
Prof. Claudio Macaluso
Principles of clinical optics and refraction through both objective and subjective techniques. Basis of optical prescription.
In the second part of the course principles and methods of visual acuity measurement will be presented, including the difefrent types of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity.
Full programme
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Bibliography
- Burian-von Noorden: Binocular Vision and ocular motility.
- GP Paliaga: I vizi di refrazione. Minerva Medica 1995
- GP Paliaga: L'esame del visus. Minerva Medica 1991
- Zeri, Rossetti, Fossetti, Calossi: Ottica visuale. SEU Società Editrice Universo, 2012
- M.Yanoff, JS. Duker: Ophthalmology Mosby 2004
- Tasman, Jaeger, eds. Duane's Ophthalmology. LWW 2006
Teaching methods
Lectures will present the main topics of the course promoting discussion with students, and will be complemented with hands-on sessions, so that every student will have an opportunity to face various clinical situations using the most relevant diagnostic instruments.
Assessment methods and criteria
Prof. Giuseppe Nuzzi
oral examination
Prof. Claudio Macaluso
Course learning objectives will be tested by means of a written examination.
Questions on the course topics will verify adequate understanding of the basic mechanisms and principles of tests and their interpretation. Ability to properly apply knowledge will be verified as well.
Students must answer correctly to at least 60% of the questions. The final mark will be proportional to the number of correct answers. It will be given students the possibility to improve their mark (max by 3/30) by orally answering to one more question.
Other information
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