Learning objectives
Prof. Giuseppe Nuzzi
it is expected to acquire full knowledge of the basic mechanisms of extrinsic ocular motility and the anatomophysiological bases of binocular vision
Prof. Claudio Macaluso
to know fundamentals of optics as applied to the human eye
Course unit content
Prof. Giuseppe Nuzzi
THE EYE: ITS SURFACES, AXES, MOVEMENTS AROUND THE SAME. THE LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS: THE ORBIT, OCULOMOTOR MUSCLES, SUPPORT APPARATUS, SUPRANUCLEAR CENTRES OF OCULOMOTRICITY, OCULOMOTOR NERVES. THE ACTIONS OF THE OCULAR MUSCLES. AGONIST AND ANTAGONIST MUSCLES. THE LAWS OF OCULAR MOTILITY: SHERRINGTON’S LAW OF RECIPROCAL INNERVATION, HERING’S LAW OF EQUAL INNERVATION. OCULAR MOVEMENTS: DUCTIONS, VERSONS (VOLUNTARY, STATIC, STATIC-KINETIC, OPTICAL-KINETIC) VERGENCES. MONOCULAR (TONIC, ACCOMODATIVE, PROXIMAL) AND BINOCULAR (FUSIONAL) VERGENCES. DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OCULAR MOVEMENTS (SACCADIC MOVEMENTS, PURSUIT MOVEMENTS). OCULAR FIXATION. SUPRANUCLEAR CONTROL OF EXTRINSIC OCULAR MOTILITY. ANATOMICAL BASES OF BINOCULAR VISION: MONOCULAR AND BINOCULAR VISUAL FIELD. OPTICAL PATHWAYS AND CHIASMATIC DECUSSATION. VISUAL CORTEX. PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF BINOCULAR VISION: PHOTORECEPTOR LOCAL SIGN. OCULOCENTRIC (OR RELATIVE) AND ECOCENTRIC (OR ABSOLUTE) LOCALISATION . THE CONCEPT OF CORRESPONDING RETINAL POINTS
Prof. Claudio Macaluso
eye and prisms
eye and lenses (eye-lens distance and actual power)
prismatic effect of lenses on the eye
Accomodation
mechanisms and stimuli
accomodation and convergence
cycloplegia
cycloplegic drugs and their side-effects
Bibliography
Burian-von Noorden: Binocular Vision and ocular motility
Tasman, Jaeger, eds. Duane's Ophthalmology. LWW 2006.
