Learning objectives
TO PROVIDE TO THE STUDENTS THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Prerequisites
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Course unit content
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS. COMPOUNDS AND MOLECULES. CHEMICAL REACTIONS. ATOMIC THEORy. ATOMIC STRUCTURE. ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION. PERIODIC PROPERTIES.
BASIC CONCEPTS ON THE CHEMICAL BOND AND THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE. VB, MO, VSEPR THEORIES. IONIC AND COVALENT BONDS. FURTHER CONCEPTS ON THE CHEMICAL BOND: HYBRID ORBITALS, MOLECULAR ORBITALS AND METALLIC BOND. INTERMOLECULAR BONDS: VAN DER WAALS FORCES AND HYDROGEN BOND. THE SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS STATES AGGREGATION. THE SOLUTIONS . THE PRINCIPLES OF THE THERMODYNAMIC ENTHALPY , ENTROPY, FREE ENERGY, AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM . ACIDS AND BASES. EQUILIBRIA IN SOLUTION:pH, HYDROLISYS AND BUFFER SYSTEMS. KINETICS AND REACTIONS MECHANISMS. ELETTROCHEMISTRY: GALVANIC AND ELETTROLYTIC CELLS. STOICHIOMETRY:ACID-BASE REACTIONS, REDOX REACTIONS, MOLARITY AND DILUITION OF SOLUTIONS, CALCULATIONS OF pH , HYDROLISYS AND BUFFER SOLUTIONS
Full programme
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR THEORY
Physical states of the matter. Mass and energy. Atomic theory and structure. Atomic masses. Isotopes. Mole and Avogadro's number. Electromagnetic radiation. Quantum theory. Wave-particle duality. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The Schroedinger equation. Atomic orbitals and quantum numbers. The "aufbau" principle. Electronic configuration of the elements. The periodic table and the main periodical properties.
CHEMICAL BONDING
The ionic and covalent bonds. Lewis structures. Electronegativity. The shapes of molecules. The VSEPR theory. The Valence Bond and the Molecular Orbital theories. The metallic bond. The oxidation number. Chemical reactions. Oxidation-reduction reactions.
THE GASEOUS STATE
General properties. Ideal and real gases. The ideal gas law. Kinetic molecular theory. Real gases.
THE LIQUID STATE
General properties, liquefaction of gases, surface tension, vapour pressure. Boiling point.
THE SOLID STATE
General properties. Ionic, covalent, molecular and metallic crystalline solids. X-ray diffraction. Crystal systems. Unit cells. Polymorphism and isomorphism.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
Repulsive and attractive forces. Van der Waals forces. The hydrogen bond.
SOLUTIONS
Properties of solutions. Composition of solutions. Solutions of non-electrolytes. Dissolution mechanism. Solubility. Ideal and real solutions. Raoult's law. Colligative properties. Cryoscopy and ebullioscopy, osmosis and osmotic pressure.
THERMODINAMICS
State functions. The first law. Work and heat. Enthalpy. Termochemistry and applications. Entropy. The second law. The third law.
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Equilibrium constants. Law of mass action. Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria. Phase diagram. The phase rule. Effects on the equilibrium constants ( Le Chatelier's principle). Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constant.
IONIC EQUILIBRIA
Acids and bases. The strength of acids and bases. Acidity constants. Polyprotic acids. Ionic product of water. pH and pOH. Calculation of pH. Hydrolysis. pH indicators. Buffer solutions. Amphoterism. Acid-base titration curves. Solubility product constant.
CHEMICAL KINETICS
Rates of chemical reactions. Reaction rates and concentrations. Dependence of concentrations on time. First-order and second-order reactions. Activation energy. Effect of temperature on rection rates. Reaction mechanisms. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electrical conductivity. Electrolytic dissociation. Electrolysis. Faraday laws. Galvanic cells. Electrodes. Reduction potentials and applications. Corrosion.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY:
Description of all the groups of the periodical table. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds. Binary compounds of hydrogen and oxygen. Properties of the following elements and their main compounds: hydrogen, alkali and alkaline-earth metals, aluminium, carbon, silicon, tin, lead, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulphur, halogens, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, zinc and mercury.
Bibliography
R.H. Petrucci, W.S. Harwood. Chimica Generale principi e moderne applicazioni, Piccin, Padova.
P. Atkins, L. Jones. Chimica Generale, Zanichelli, Bologna.
J.C. Kotz, P. Treichel. Chimica, EdiSES, Napoli.
D.W. Oxtoby, N.H. Nachtrieb, W.A. Freeman. Chimica, EdiSES,Napoli.
A.M. Manotti Lanfredi, A. Tiripicchio. Fondamenti di Chimica, Ambrosiana, Milano.
P. Michelin Lausarot, G.A. Vaglio. Fondamenti di stechiometria, Piccin,Padova.
I. Bertini, F. Mani. Stechiometria un avvio allo studio della chimica, C.E.A. Milano
Teaching methods
FRONTAL LECTURES AND EXERCISES
Assessment methods and criteria
oral and written examination
Other information
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