ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
cod. 1004454

Academic year 2018/19
2° year of course - First semester
Professor
- Franca ZANARDI
Academic discipline
Chimica organica (CHIM/06)
Field
Discipline chimiche
Type of training activity
Basic
56 hours
of face-to-face activities
7 credits
hub: PARMA
course unit
in ITALIAN

Integrated course unit module: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY BASICS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Learning objectives

At the end of the course, the student is expected to strengthen knowledge of basic organic chemistry and acquire learning and knowledge of advanced organic chemistry as a platform for the study of subsequent courses and for the study of drugs.
In particular, the student will be on the following targets:
1. Knowledge of the basic and advanced functional groups and applying this knowledge for the classification of simple polyfunctionalized organic molecules ((knowledge and understanding; applying knowledge and understanding).
2. Applying basic physical-chemistry principles (chemical equilibria, structural theory, thermodynamics and kinetics of organic reactions, acids and bases, nucleophiles and electrophiles) to simple polyfunctionalized organic molecules (applying knowledge and understanding).
3. Knowledge, understanding and prevision of the relationship between the structure of simple polyfunctionalized organic molecules (containing the functional groups detailed in the contents section) and their physical properties, in particular their solubility in aqueous or non-aqueous solvents (knowledge and understanding; applying knowledge and understanding).
4. Knowledge, understanding and prevision of the relationship between the structure of simple organic molecules (containing the functional groups detailed in the contents section) and their reactivity, also by carrying out suitable exercises (knowledge and understanding; applying knowledge and understanding).
5. Knowledge of, and understanding the methods of synthesis (preparation) and interconversion of simple polyfunctionalized organic molecules (containing the functional groups detailed in the contents section) and applying these methods for the synthesis and transformation of unknown organic molecules, also by carrying out suitable exercises (knowledge and understanding; applying knowledge and understanding).
6. Knowledge the international rules for the nomenclature of simple polyfunctionalized organic molecules (containing the functional groups detailed in the contents section) and applying them to unknown molecules, also by carrying out suitable exercises (knowledge and understanding; applying knowledge and understanding).
7. Ability to convey the contents of the course to a specialized audience using appropriate scientific language (both written and oral) (communication skills).
8. Understanding the role of organic chemistry in the study of drugs and living organisms. Ability to link the contents of the course to those of neighboring chemical disciplines (making judgements; learning skills).

Prerequisites

To fully appreciate the content of the course, it is necessary to acquire knowledge of general and inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry basics in previous courses. To access the final examination, it is necessary to pass both the “General and Inorganic Chemistry” examination and the Organic Chemistry Basics” written examination.

Course unit content

The first part of the course is devoted to recall and advance knowledge acquired in the (Organic Chemistry Basics” course. The following subjects are then treated: nucleophilic addition to carbon-oxygen double bond, acyl nucleophilic substitution, brief description of the role of protecting groups in organic synthesis, brief survey of qualitative identification of the main functional groups. The systematic study of the following compound classes is then placed, comprising the structure, nomenclature, natural occurrence, physical properties, reactivity, and synthesis of the following compound classes: aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, acyl halides, acid anhydrides, esters, thioesters, lactones, amides, lactams, imides, nitriles, 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, alpha,beta-unsaturated compounds, amines, nitro- and nitroso-derivatives.
The second part of the course allows students to acquire knowledge on carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions, synthesis of enols and enolates, imines and enamines, alpha-alkylation and alpha-halogenation of enols and enolates, aldol additions and condensations and variants thereof, Claisen condensations and related reactions, Michael and Mannich addition reactions, examples of transposition reactions.
The third part of the course allows students to acquire knowledge on the aromatic domain including the concept of aromaticity and the systematic study of aromatic compounds including the structure, nomenclature, natural occurrence, physical properties, reactivity, and synthesis of the following compound classes: benzene, substituted benzenes and, in particular, phenols, aryl halides, and aromatic amines, simple aromatic heterocycles, azo-compounds.
Lastly, the following topics will be briefly surveyed: monosaccharides, cyclic structures, glucose and fructose, disaccharides and oligosaccharides. Brief introduction on fatty acids, lipids, triglycerides.

Full programme

Recalling the contents of the previous course of Organic Chemistry Basics.
Epoxides: opening the ring with nucleophiles under basic or acidic conditions (mechanisms).

Carbonyl Compounds, the carbon-oxygen double bond. Aldehydes and ketones, structure, resonance, keto-enolic tautomerism, occurrence in Nature, physical properties. Nucleophilic additions: formation of geminal diols, hemiacetals, acetals, cianhydrins, reactions with Grignard reagents (mechanisms). Brief introduction to protecting groups of carbonyl compounds. Brief introduction to the hemiacetal structure of simple monosaccharides such as glucopyranose. Reactons of aldehydes and ketone with nitrogen nucleophiles: formation of imines, iminium ions, hydrazones, oximes (mechanisms). Reactions of aldehydes and ketones con reducing agents; reactions with oxidant reagents (mechanisms). Baeyer-Villiger reaction (no mechanism). Wittig reaction (mechanism). Synthesis methods for aldehydes and ketones.

Carboxylic acids and derivatives. Examples of fatty acids. Structure, nomenclature, physical properties, occurrence in nature of carboxylic and bicarboxylic acids, acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, lactones, amides, lactams, nitriles, carboxylate ions. Brief introduction on the sulfur counterparts (sulfonic acids and esters, thioesters). Reaction of acyl nucleophilic substitution of carboxylic acids and derivatives with nucleophiles (water, alcohols, amines), reactions with hydrides, with organometallic reactants (Grignard, organocuprates) (mechanisms).
Acidity of carboxylic acids, factors which influence the acidity.
Methods of synthesis of carboxylic acids including reaction with CO2, nitrile hydrolysis, malonic synthesis, saponification. Synthesis of acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, amides, nitriles. Brief introduction on the amide (peptide) linkage between amino acids.

Reactions involving the alpha-carbon of enolizable carbonyl compounds: formation of enols, enolates, enamines. Alpha-halogenation of ketones; alpha-alkylation of ketones (direct, acetoacetic synthesis, via enamine) (mechanisms).
Aldol addition and aldol condensation reaction (inter- ad intramolecular) (mechanisms).
Claisen condensation and related reactions(mechanisms).
Carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions.
Alpha,beta-unsaturated compounds: structure, resonance, synthesis, 1,2 versus 1,4 reactivity with nucleophiles. Michael reaction (mechanisms).

Carbonic acid derivatives: brief introduction to functional groups including carbonates, carbamates, urea, carbamic acid.

Phosphorus and sulfur derivatives: brief introduction to functional groups including phosphates, phosphonates, phosphites, phosphines, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfoxides, sulfones, sulfides.

Aromatic compounds. Concept of aromaticity. Huckel rule. Structure, nomenclature, natural occurrence, physical properties and reactivity of benzene. Reactions of aromatic electrophilic substitution (halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation, Friedel-Crafts acylation, Gatterman-Koch reaction) (mechanisms).
Reactions of aromatic electrophilic substitution on mono- and poly-substituted benzenes: activation/unactivation and orientation effects by pre-existing groups on the benzene ring (mechanisms).

Phenols: structure, acidic properties, nucleophilic properties. Reactions of aromatic electrophilic substitution. Protection of the phenolic group. Kolbe reaction. Synthesis methods.

Aryl halides: structure, aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction (two mechanisms).

Aliphatic and aromatic amines: structure, nomenclature, natural occurrence, physical properties, basic properties. Relationship between basic properties and structure. Nucleophilic properties (mechanisms). Aniline, protection methods. Reactivity with nitrosonium ion. Benzendiazonium salts: substitution reactions and copulation to azo-compounds.

Aromatic heterocyclic compounds: structure, resonance, tautomeric forms and nomenclature of simple mono- and bicyclic derivatives.

Bibliography

Choose one of the following textbooks (mandatory) (the same for both modules):

-W.H. Brown, B. L. Iverson, E. V. Anslyn, C.S. Foote, “Chimica Organica”, V Edizione, EdiSES, Napoli, 2014

-Autori vari, “Chimica Organica” (a cura di B. Botta), Seconda Edizione, Edi.Ermes, Milano, 2016.

-J. Gorzynski Smith, Fondamenti di Chimica Organica, Terza Edizione, McGraw Hill Education, Milano, 2018.

-J. McMurry, “Chimica Organica”, IX Edizione, Piccin, Padova, 2017.

- P.Y. Bruice, “Chimica Organica”, Terza Edizione, EdiSES, Napoli, 2017.

Choose one of the following exercise books (mandatory) (the same for both modules):
-M. V. D’Auria, O. Taglialatela Scafati, A. Zampella, “Guida Ragionata allo Svolgimento di Esercizi di Chimica Organica”, seconda Edizione, Loghia Ed., Napoli, 2011.

-B. Iverson, S. Iverson, “Guida alla soluzione dei problemi da Brown, Foote, Iverson – Chimica Organica”, 4° Ed., EdiSES, Napoli, 2014.

-T.W.G. Solomons, C.B. Fryhle, R.G. Johnson, “La chimica organica attraverso gli esercizi”, Seconda Edizione, Zanichelli, Bologna, 2010.

-S. Cacchi, F. Nicotra, “Esercizi di Chimica Organica”, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 1998


Further readings available at the Food and Drug Department (as a suggestion for specific subjects, not mandatory) (the same for both modules):
-J. Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren, P. Wothers, “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford Edition, 2001

-R. Norman, J.M. Coxon, “Principi di Sintesi Organica”, 2a Edizione Italiana, Piccin Editore, Padova, 1997
-L. Kürti, B. Czakó, “Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis”, Elsevier Academic Press, 2005.

Many copies of the text of written examinations (in some cases with solutions) of the past academic years are loaded and updated in the Elly platform, to provide further tools in preparation of the examination.

Teaching methods

The course is carried out through frontal oral lessons at the blackboard (total 56 hours corresponding to 7 CFU) including exercises. The exercises are carried out by either the teacher or the students and are considered an essential part of the course to:
-applying the theory to solve exercises dealing with the contents of the course;
-verifying the status of knowledge before passing to the subsequent subject;
-acquire a method for the execution of exercises in both the synthetic direction (synthesis of a target molecule), and retrosynthetic direction (disconnection of a target molecule).

The student is expected to read and study the contents of the lessons by him/herself by using notes and textbook, and applying this knowledge in the execution of exercises, including 1) the exercises made in classroom, 2) exercises in the textbook and study guides, and 3) exercises assigned during lessons and loaded weekly on the Elly platform.
The teacher is available for further explanations about theory and exercises at the end of the lesson, during the break or in office on e-mail appointment.
The teacher may sometimes use additional teaching material (slides) loaded on Elly platform; this material is considered optional and does not substitute the textbook and the exercise study guide, which are mandatory.
Many copies of the text of written examinations of the past academic years are loaded and updated in the Elly platform (some of them with solutions), to provide further tools in preparation of the examination.

Assessment methods and criteria

To verify the level of knowledge and learning of the student, a written examination is mandatory (2 hour and 15 minutes maximum length) consisting of 4-5 (open-answer) questions having different weight and corresponding to a score detailed in the text. The result is marked in thirtieth, with a minimum pass of 18; it contributes for the 45% of the final quotation of the whole examination.
To access the final oral examination and subsequent recording of the integrated course Organic Chemistry Basics /Organic Chemistry, it is necessary to pass the written examination of both modules. It is possible to perform the written examination of both modules in the same date, since they are at different and subsequent times.
To access the written examination, the student must register on-line (via Essetre) in the dates according to the official examination agenda of the Food and Drug Department.
The written exam is judged positive (superior or equal to 18/30) when the student demonstrates knowledge and learning of the following contents:
-identification and knowledge of the functional groups (as detailed in the contents) within natural or drug-like polyfunctional molecules; identification of carbon stereocenters and chirality;
-knowledge of the main aromatic and heteroaromatic cyclic compounds with the corresponding resonance structures;
-execution (even partial) of exercises on synthesis sequences and interconversion of functional groups;
-execution (even partial) of exercises on the total synthesis of simple organic compounds.
The laude (30/30 cum laude) is assigned as a maximum quotation when all questions are correctly answered and when specialized language is used.
While carrying out the examination, as a rule, no books, notes, nor whatever information system must be available.
The result of the written examination is usually given within one week from the date of the same exam and anyway before the oral examination of that session via Essetre portal. The student is expected to view his/her work (either passed or failed) which is consigned on the day of the oral session. If the student cannot be present that day, he/she has to inform the teacher by e-mail; the teacher will show the work to the student on another date, to be fixed with the student.
Once written examinations of both modules are passed, the student must attend the final oral examination (10-20 minutes, 10% weight) in the date of the same session of the last written examination. The on-line registration via Essetre to access the oral examination is suggested but not mandatory.

Other information

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